In this paper, a fully discretized bio-fidelity simulation model for biomechanical (kinematic) analysis of scoliosis for various patients was developed to analyze forces on vertebrae, loads acting on the intervertebral disc, corresponding angles between vertebrae, and tension in the spine muscles during lateral bending.It was further developed to study the movement limitation and muscle activation of a scoliotic subject. This system was built by using the commercial software Life MOD. The whole spine (pre-defined by the software) was discretized into individual vertebra segments with rotational joints representing intervertebral discs. In this study, two female subjects (with 40±1.0 kg weight and 154±3 cm height), one with normal spine and the other one with scoliotic spine, were asked to do lateral bending and bend as far as they can. Motion capture data of these two subjects was obtained. Next, motion capture data was assigned to the model using a motion agent set and the inverse dynamics simulation was performed to simulate the complicated multi-body motion of lateral bending. The mobility of the ribcage, activity of muscles which are important in the lateral motion of body, as well as joint angles were analyzed using the developed simulation model. According to the obtained results, the mobility of the ribcage in scoliosis model was less than that of the normal model with the same anthropometric data. This finding is in direct agreement with the qualitative experimental results done by other researchers.

Introduction: Scoliosis is one the most common orthopedic problems in children and adults which is still idiopathic. Scoliosis is a three planar deformity and results in changes in anatomy of spine and pelvic that alters gait parameters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in kinematic parameters in lower limb, upper limb, and trunk in scoliosis patients compared with normal subjects. Determining the exact pattern of these changes and the effect of it's severity on this parameters can be used to check the progression or improvement of scoliosis.Materials and Methods: To find and collect suitable articles some key words like scoliosis, gait, and kinematics were used in data bases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Elsevier, Ovid and Springer. Papers were selected based on identified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then articles were scored by Downs and black tool.Results: Among of twenty five articles, 9 articles were selected on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria from 1998 to 2012. Step length was the only temporospatial parameter that showed a significant reduction. Kinematic parameters in Lower limb identified reduced range of motion, but motion pattern did not show any significant difference. The most differences in data were observed in trunk and pelvic rotation. It was cleared only in person who has a large curvature of the thoracic spine and the same direction of pelvic rotation. Pelvic changes were not predicted in other cases. Pelvic also indicated some changes in x-ray and according to anatomical relation between pelvic and lumbar, thoracolumbar and lumbar curves had the most effect on the pelvic changes.Conclusion: The majority of these articles investigated walking parameters in different speeds. In order to achieve the comprehensive outcomes, the standard model should exist with regarding a curve type and test condition, especially in the upper limb that has been paid low attention, so far.

Introduction: Scoliosis is a common deformity of spinal column. Most previous researches have concentrated mainly on kinematic parameters. However, this spinal abnormality is also a structural deformity affects on the normally symmetrical vertebral column, alters the centre of mass position, and weight distribution on the lower limbs. Therefore, kinetic evaluation can lead to a better understanding of the etiology of scoliosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate kinetic parameters in scoliotic subjects and compare with normal participants considering previous studies.Materials and Methods: In this research, some key words like scoliosis, kinetic, ground reaction force, center of pressure, moment, and intervertebral force were used to find suitable articles. These researches were found on data bases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Ovid, and Springer. Papers were selected based on identified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then articles were scored by downs and black tool.Results: Among thirteen articles, eleven were selected from 1998 to 2012. For symmetric index, researchers indicated an asymmetry, but these asymmetries did not follow any special pattern with curves. Also, researchers showed that maximum displacement in center of pressure occurred on mediolateral direction. Another article investigated kinetic parameters evaluation during lateral steps, because in this gait pattern asymmetries were greater between two normal and patient groups.Conclusion: According to previous studies, there was an asymmetry in parameters. But, there is not any relationship between asymmetry and curves pattern in scoliotic subjects.

Background: Operations such as anterior or posterior releases can be used to decrease the magnitude of spinal curves. Concave rib osteotomy is an example of posterior release. Pulmonary complications are the main complications of this operation and the major cause of related morbidities. In this study, the frequency of pulmonary complications was evaluated.Materials and Methods: Pulmonary complications of concave rib osteotomies were studied in a series of 14 patients at Sina Hospital in a 2-year period (2001-2003).Results: Eight patients were females and 6 were males. During the operation, 3 cases of pleural tear were detected and chest tubes were inserted for them. No cases of pneumothorax and only 1 case of asymptomatic pleural effusion were detected postoperatively.Conclusion: This operation is a simple procedure. If the valsalva maneuver is used and pleural tears are detected intraoperatively, pulmonary morbidities will not increase significantly.

Introduction: Scoliosis, is a three dimensional deformity of the spine and ribcage that can lead to changes in the relationship between body segments, spinal anatomy, trunk symmetry and cause pathological gait pattern. Scoliosis also is a structural deformity, so it can alter center of mass (COM) position and weight distribution on lower limbs. It seems that individuals with scoliosis deformity have the poorer stability comparison with normal subjects.Materials and Methods: We conducted a Medline search via PubMed, Google scholar and ISI web of knowledge to identify studies on scoliosis field and the effect of this deformity on kinetic and kinematic parameters as well as the influence of bracing on mentioned parameters. The publication dates of the full-length articles were between 1998 and 2012. Some key words such as kinetic, kinematic, gait, and walking were used in combination with scoliosis to search in database.Results: Multiple Medline searches led to the find out fifty four papers that twenty six of which were relevant based on title and abstract. 6 more articles were retrieved according to their references. Finally, thirty two papers were considered in this literature review. A few studies performed the influence of brace on kinetic and kinematic parameters in scoliotic subject.Conclusion: There was no sufficient robust evidence to judge about the influence of scoliosis deformity on kinetic and kinematic parameters.

Introduction: Scoliosis is one of the musculoskeletal disorders which influence the performance of subjects during standing and walking. There is no enough information regarding the influence of orthosis on gait parameters and stability functions in scoliotic subjects, therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of orthosis on the mentioned parameters.Case Report: An 8 years old scoliotic girl was recruited in this study. She walked and stood with and without Milwaukee orthosis. Joint movements and force applied on the leg were measured using motion analysis system and Kistler faceplate. The length of erector spine, external oblique and internal oblique abdominalis tendons was evaluated during walking with and without orthosis by use of Open SIMM software.Results: The orthosis seems to improve the performance of subjects during standing and walking. Moreover it stretches the contracted muscles on the concave side of vertebral column.Conclusion: The orthosis can align the vertebral column and improve subject abilities to stand and walk. As the length of vertebral column muscles increases following the use of orthosis, it can be concluded that it influences on the curve correction.

Background: Efforts to find a reliable non-molecular means of identification has been the main purpose of the current work that always is persuaded by researchers interested in the field of parasitology. Methods: Adult fasciolids were obtained from the slaughterhouses in different parts of Iran in 2017, and investigated using the classical old fashion morphological appearances of the worms implementing a camera lucida equipped microscope. Histological procedure was subsequently performed for almost the entire collected adult worms followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining technique. DNA extraction and RFLP-PCR technique were carried out for the entire fasciolid liver flukes. To attain more comparable morphological conclusions, Scanning Electron Micrographs were also implemented for two molecularly identified fasciolids. Results: Based on spine morphology observed in worm’ s tissue sections two types of tegumental spines, “ pointed” and “ molar” shapes have been identified addressing to distinguish F. hepatica and F. gigantica species respectively. The present identification has been also supported by Molecular analysis using RFLP-PCR technique. Conclusion: There are some hidden morphological characters implemented in species identification for certain helminths. Meanwhile, the emergence of computer image analysis system (CIAS) on the scene of taxonomy, has revolutionized the accuracy of measurement in morphology by employing detailed parameters that have not been regarded before. The current study has illustrated the tegumental spines of two Fasciola species in tissue sections which has not been enough considered in helminthological publications so far.